What policies and systems ensure the greatest balance between security, resilience, efficiency, and fairness? Market capitalism is at the core of America's economic success, but it is also blamed for many of society's ills.
How do we secure competitive markets and bolster the best aspects of capitalism, while protecting against its excesses? What should Biden do about inflation? Skip to main content. View complete question responses and trends PDF download. Results for this Gallup poll are based on telephone interviews conducted Sept. All reported margins of sampling error include computed design effects for weighting.
Landline and cellular telephone numbers are selected using random-digit-dial methods. Search, examine, compare and export nearly a century of primary data. Subscribe to the Gallup News brief and real time alerts. Stay up to date with our latest insights. Gallup finds sharp drops since in Americans' evaluations of the job key federal government agencies are doing, with ratings of the CDC falling the most.
Forty percent of Americans approve of the job the U. Supreme Court is doing, down nine points since July and a new low approval rating in Gallup's trend. President Joe Biden's job approval rating has reached another low point in his presidency. The overall drop in approval is driven largely by political independents. Americans tend to support the decision to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, although the execution of that process gets low marks. White observes that although public government activity-police, education, health, administration varies in form and objects, and construction of public works, conservation, although the administration of public and social security, and many others.
The conduct private affairs differs at many points, there is an of public affairs in advanced civilisations underlying similarity, if not identity. As an requires the employment of almost every integral aspect of such generic concept, public profession and skill-engineering, law, medicine, administration could be related to that type of and teaching; the crafts, the technical administration, which operates within a specific specialties, the office skills, and many others.
All the acts of the The traditional definitions of Public officials of a government, from the peon in a Administration, which are given above reflect remote office to the head of a state in the the view that the Public Administration is only capital, constitute public administration.
It reflect that it H. Simon, D. Specifically in policy formulation and covers the three excluded are judicial and legislative agencies branches of the government. In this context, we within the government and non-governmental may reflected on the definition offered by F.
According to them Public Administration: In this context we can reflect the Corson and Harris definition offered by F. Nigro and L. According to Prof. The difference between the two views relates to 1. The correct meaning of Public Administration, that is, Integral and the term administration would however, depend Managerial. Henri between the time an enforcement agency Fayol and L. White are the supporters of this assumes jurisdiction and the last break is view.
Coordinating means inter-relating the work of various divisions, sections and other parts of 1. In the modern welfare state people Budgeting means fiscal planning, control and expect many things — a wide variety of services accounting. In this context public administration provides a number According to Gullick the POSDCoRB activities of welfare and social security services to the are common to all organisations.
They are the people. Besides, it has to manage government common problems of management which are owned industries and regulate private found in different agencies regardless of the industries. Public administration covers every nature of the work they do. The critics pointed out that the 1. The POSDCoRB view over looks the discipline, that is subject of studies, comprises fact that deferent agencies are faced with of the following: different administrative problems, which are The POSDCoRB view peculiar to the nature of the services, they Several writers have defined the scope of render and the functions they performed.
The public administration in varying terms. A major ordinating reporting the Budgeting. Therefore, the outline the things to be done, the methods to be scope of administration is defined very adopted to accomplish the purpose. Organisation means the establishment of the The Subject Matter View formal structure of authority through which the We all know that public administration deals not work is sub-divided, arranged, defined and only with the processes but also with the coordinated.
Private administration, also have important specialised techniques of on the other hand is, concerned with their own which are not covered by administration of private business organisation POSDCoRB techniques. For example, if you and is distinct from public administration. Let us take Police Administration it has its own elaborate this techniques in crime detection, maintenance of Law and Order, etc.
Simon, the same with other services too. Therefore, the Peter Drucker, etc. Public administration has two important Felix A. Nigro has pointed out that government aspects, namely deciding and doing things. The is also different from private organisation, as no first provides the basis for the second. One private company can equal to it in size and cannot conceive of any discipline without diversity of activities.
Thus Public administration According to Sir Josiah Stamp, the four is a broad-ranging and an amorphous principles, which differentiate public from combination of theory and practice. In other words, administration revenues and heads of expenditure.
Its nature depends upon the nature of Public administration is accountable to its the setting and goals with which it is concerned. It involves policies and actions of however small it may be. However, most of immense complexity. And then also, it was the only way I knew by which we could measure our power even in the terms dictated by the dictatorship.
The people vindicated me in an election shamefully marked by government thuggery and fraud. The opposition swept the elections, garnering a clear majority of the votes even if they ended up thanks to a corrupt Commission on Elections with barely a third of the seats in Parliament, Now, I knew our power!
When it is approved, there will be electi: ions for both national and local Positions. So, within about a year from a peaceful but national upheaval that overturned a dictatorship, we shall have returned to full constitutional government.
By the time he fled, that insurgency had 8rown to more than sixteen thousand. I think there is a lesson here to be learned about trying to stifle a thing with a means by which it grows. She invoked the path of peace because she believed that it was the moral path that a moral government must take.
Cory expressed her intention to honor those debts. I have said that we shall honor it. Yet, the means by which we shall be able to do so are kept from us, Many of the conditions imposed on the previous government that stole this debt, continue to be imposed.
They came to me with one cry, democracy. Not food although they clearly needed it but democracy. Not work, although they surely wanted it but democracy. Not money, for they gave what little they had to my campaign. These were the persisting commit insurgency and the economic deterioration. And here, you have a people who want it by themselves and need only the help to preserve it. The speech talks of her family background, especially.
It is well known that it was Ninoy who served as the real leading figure of the opposition at that time. The ideology or the principles of the new democratic government can also be seen in the same speech. Aquino was able to draw the sharp contrast between her government and of her predecessor by expressing her commitment to a democratic constitution drafted by an independent commission.
She claimed that such constitution upholds and adheres to the rights and liberty of the Filipino people. He: espengg to this insurgency rooted from her diametric opposition of the dictator initiating reintegration of communist rebels to the mainstream Philipping society. Cory claimed that her main approach to this problem was through 4 peace and not through the sword of war. This is seen in terms of continuing the alliance between the Philippines and the United States despite the known affinity between the said world super power and Marcos.
For example, Cory recognized that the large sum of foreign debts incurred by the Maroog regime never benefitted the Filipino people. Nevertheless, Cory expressed her intention to pay off those debts. Unknown to many Filipinos was the fatt, that there was a choice of waiving the said debt because those were the d of the dictator and not of the country. Apolinario Mabini penned the "Kartilya ng Katipunan. Magellan and his fleet received a warm welcome from all of the chieftains and local leaders in the Philippine Islands.
The Americans radically altered the social structure in the Philippines after they took over from Spain in terms of socioeconomic equality. The enmity between Aguinaldo and Bonifacio did not affect how the former's revolutionary government credited Bonifacio to the beginnings of the Philippine Revolution.
Corazon Aquino did not: want to forge alliance with the United States because the latter was a known important ally of Marcos. The forces of Magellan were successful in defeating and conquering Lapulapu.
Group Work. Who authored it if applicable? Retrieved 18 May Bautista, A. Manila: National Historical Commission. Gregorio Nieva, Retrieved 18 October See pene McCoy, A. Philippine Cartoo the American Era, London: Hakiuyt ented by Magellan. In this chapter, we will analyze four historiographical problems in Philippine history in an attempt to apply what we have learned thus far in the work of a historian and the process of historical inquiry.
Earlier, we have been introduced to history as a discipline, the historical method, and the content and context analysis of primary sources.
Two key concepts that need to be defined before proceeding to the historical analysis of problems in history are interpretation and multiperspectivity. Before it was revealed as a hoax, it was a source of pride for the people of Aklan. Considered the First Filipino Lawgiver, he promulgated in about a penal code now known as Code of Kalantiaw containing 18 articles.
Don Marcelino Orilla of Zaragoza, Spain, obtained the original manuscript from an old chief of Panay which was later translated into Spanish by Rafael Murviedo Yzamaney. He attributed the code to a historical fiction written in by Jose E. Marco attributed the code itself " to a priest named Jose Maria Pavon. As students of history; we must be well equipped to recognize different types of. Interpretations of historical eventschange over time; thus, it is an important skill for a student of history, to track these changes in an attempt to understand the past.
The poem was first published in , in a book by Hermenegildo Cruz. Cruz said he received the poem from Gabriel Beato Francisco, who claimed to have received it in from Rizal's close friend, Saturnino Raselis. Rizal never mentioned writing this poem anywhere in his writings, and more importantly, he never mentioned of having a close friend by the person of Raselis. Further criticism of the poem reveals more about the wrongful attribution of the poem to Rizal. If the poem was indeed written during his time, it should use the original Spanish orthography that was prevalent in his time.
And as a construct, it is open for interpretation. It ig important, therefore, to subject to evaluation not only the primary source, but also the historical interpretation of the same, to ensure that the current interpretation is reliable to support our acceptance of events of the past, Multiperspectivity With several possibilities of interpreting the past, another important concept that we must note is multiperspectivity.
This can be defined as a way of looking: at historical events, personalities, developments, cultures, and societies from different perspectives.
This means that there is a multitude of ways by which we can view the world, and each could be equally valid, and at the same time, equally partial as well.
Historical writing is, by definition, biased, partial, and contains preconceptions. Historians may misinterpret evidence, attending to those that suggest that a certain event happened, and then ignore the rest that goes against the evidence.
Historians may omit significant facts about their subject, which makes the interpretation unbalanced. Historians may impose a certain ideology to their subject, which may not be appropriate to the period the subject was from.
Historians may also provide a single cause for an event without considering other possible causal explanations of said event.
These are just many of the ways a historian may fail in his historical inference, description, and interpretation. With multiperspectivity as an approach in history, we must understand that historical interpretations contain discrepancies, contradictions, ambiguities, and are often the focus of dissent.
Different sources that counter each other may create space for more investigation and research, while providing more evidence for thos? Different historical agents create different historical truths, and while this may be a burdensome work for the historian, it also renders more validity to the historical scholarship.
Taking these in close regard in the reading of historical interpretations, it provides for the audience a more complex, but also a more complete and richer understanding of the past.
Butuan has long been believed as the site of the first Mass. The Butuan claim has been based on a rather elementary reading of primary sources from the event. Toward the end of the nineteenth century and the start of the twentieth century,«together with the increasing scholarship on the history of the Philippines, a more nuanced reading of the available evidence was made, - which brought to light more considerations in going against the more accepted interpretation of the first Mass in the Philippines, made both by Spanish and Filipino scholars.
It must be noted that there are only two primary sources that historians refer to in identifying the site of the first Mass.
He was one of the 18 survivors who returned with Sebastian Elcano on the ship Victoria after they circumnavigated the world. Pigafetta, like Albo, was a member of the Magellan expedition and an eyewitness of the events, particularly, of the first Mass. IV, As cited in Miguel A. On the 16th of March as they sailed in a westerly course from Ladrones, they saw land towards the northwest; but owing 1 to many shallow places they did not approach it.
They went instead that same day southwards to another small island named Suluan, and there they anchored. This island was at 9 and two-thirds degrees North latitude. The sea around that island was free from shallows. The people of that island of Mazava were very good. From Mazava they sailed northwards: followed the coast of Seilani in an: up to 10 degrees of latitude whe: again towards Seilani.
They orthwesterly direction, ascending re they saw three small islands. From there they sailed westwards some ten leagues, and there they saw three islets, where they dropped anchor for the night.
In the. The town of Subu was on an east-west direction with the islands of Suluan and Mazava. But between Mazava and Subu, there were so many shallows that the boats could not go-westward directly but has to go as they did in a round-about way.
Also, Albo does not mention the first Mass, but only the planting of the cross upon a mountain-top from which could be seen three islands to the west and southwest, which also fits the southern end of Limasawa. III, There they set up two tents for the sick members of the ccew and had a sow killed for them.
This time they were in two boats, and they brought food supplies. In the ecclesiastical calendar, this day March 25 was the feast-day of the Incarnation, 4. He attributed his narrow escape from death as grace obtained throug the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on her feast-day.
They left Homonhon sailin; ee are Leyte, then followed the Leyte coast vouthiward, passing between the island of Hibuson on their portside and Hiunangan Bay on their artnet starboard, 5 thal turning westward to maar then continued southward, It is twenty-five leagues from the Acquada, and is called Mazaua. They remained seven days on Mazaua Island. Thursday, April 4 — They left Mazaua, bound for Cebu.
They were guided thither by the king of Mazaua who sailed in his own boat. Here the Spanish ships stopped to allow the king of Mazaua to catch up with them, since the Spanish ships were much faster than the native balanghai—a thing that excited the admiration of the king of Mazaua. Ithad taken them three days to negotiate the journey from Mazaua northwards to the Camotes Islands and then southwards to Cebu. The natives paddled away, but two hours lang boats balanghai came, in one of which the native kien an awning of mats.
At Magellan's invitation some of te went up the Spanish ship, but the native king remained s i i his boat. An exchange of gifts was effected. In the afternon day, the Spanish ships weighed anchor and came closer wan anchoring near the native king's village. Another exchange of gifts was made. The native king and his companions returned ashore, bringing with them two members of Magellan's expedition as guests for the night.
One of the two was Pigafetta. An ig] t ag Saturday, March 30 — Pigafetta and his companion had spent the previous evening feasting and drinking with the native king and his son. Pigafetta deplored the fact that, although it was Good Friday, they had to eat meat.
The following morning Saturday Pigafetta and his companion took leave of their hosts and returned to the ships. Magellan and the Spaniards returned to the shiP for the noon-day meal, but in the afternoon they returned ashore to plant the cross on the summit of the highest hill. Of the three, 3 Zubu was the port with the most trade.
Magellan then said that he wished to go to Zubu and to depart the following morning. He asked for someone to guide him thither. Monday, April 1 —- Magellan sent men ashore to help with the harvest, but no work was done that day because the two kings were sleeping off their drinking bout the night before. Thursday, April 4 — They leave Mazaua, bound for Cebu. Using the primary sources available, Jesuit priest Miguel A. Bernad in his work Butuan or Limasawa: The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination of Evidence lays down the argument that in the Pigafetta account, a crucial aspect of Butuan was not mentioned—the river.
Butuan is a riverine settlement, situated on the Agusan River. The beach of Masao is in the delta of said river. The Age of Exploration is a period of competition among European rulers to conquer and colonize lands outside their original domains.
Existing routes to Asia Were mainly by land and cost very expensive. A sea route to Asia means that Europeans could access the spice trade directly, greatly reducing costs for traders. He was able to reach the Americas, which was then cut-off from the rest of the known world.
These events are very important milestones in Philippine history and have caused ripples throughout time, directly influencing the decisive events of the Philippine Revolution toward the end of the century. While the significance ig unquestioned, what made this year controversial are the different sides to the story, a battle of perspectives supported by primary sources.
In this case study, we zoom in to the events of the Cavite Mutiny, a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos of that time. Spanish Accounts of the Cavite Mutiny ee ener The documentation of Spanish historian Jose Montero y Vidal centered on how the event was an attempt in overthrowing the Spanish governmentin the Philippines. Although regarded as a historian, his account of the mutiny Was criticized as woefully biased and rabid fora scholar.
Another account from the official report written by then Governor General Rafael Izquierdo implicated the native clergy, who were then, active in the movement secularization of parishes.
These two accounts corroborated each other. There were, howev. It was towards this goal that they started to work, with the powerful assistance of a certain section of the native clergy, who out of spite toward friars, made common cause with the enemies of the mother country. But nobody gave importance to these notices. The conspiracy had been going on since the days of La Torre with utmost secrecy. At times, the principal leaders met either in the house of Filipino Spaniard, D.
Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, or in that of the native priest, Jacinto Zamora, and these meetings were usually attended by the curate of Bacoor, the soul of the movement, whose energetic character and immense wealth enabled him to exercise a strong influence. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zamora Such is They allegedly plan to liquidate high ranking Spanish officers, then kill the friars. The signal they identified among these conspirators of Manila and Cavite was the rockets fired from Intramuros.
The accounts detail that on 20 January , the district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, and came with it were some fireworks display. The Cavitefios allegedly mistook this as the signal commence with the attack. The men contingent led by Sergeant.
Lamadri attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal. Manilefios who were expected to aid the Cavitefios did not arrive. Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of an artillery, force composed exclusively by peninsulares. Differing Accounts of the Events of First, the account of Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo ' Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher, who wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.
This uprising among the soldiers in Cavite was used as a powerful level. During this time, the Central Government in Madrid was planning to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil government and direction and management of educationg] institutions.
The friars needed something to justify their continuing dominance in the country, and the mutiny provided such opportunity. However, the Central Spanish Government introduced an educational decree fusing sectarian schools run by the friars into a school called the - Philippine Institute. The decree aimed to improve the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching positions in these schools to be filled by competitive examinations, an improvement welcomed by most Filipin.
Another account, this time by. General La Torre At the same time there was created by the government in Madrid a committee to investigate. When the two finished work, it was found that they came to the same conclusions. Here ig the summary of the reforms they considered necessary to introduc 1. Changes in tariff rates at customs, and the methods of collection. Reduction of export fees. Microscopical, cultural, serological, and other screenings and tests, performed in local government-owned laboratories or clinics that do not become part of the patient records of a local health program.
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